Paradigm Shifts in Applied Linguistics: Its Impact on Research Methodology and Findings

: This article discusses the paradigm shift taking place in the field of applied linguistics and its impact on research methodology and discoveries. Along with the development of science and technology, paradigms in applied linguistics have undergone significant changes, especially in the way researchers approach linguistic problems and the methodologies used in their research. This paradigm shift includes changes in the understanding of language and communication, as well as the integration of linguistics with other disciplines such as computer science, psychology, anthropology, and neuroscience. This article will discuss how this shift has led to the development of more holistic and interdisciplinary research methodologies, allowing researchers to delve deeper into the complex aspects of language and human communication. In addition, this article will also explain how this paradigm shift has helped produce discoveries that enrich our understanding of language and communication, including its practical applications in areas such as information technology, machine translation, sentiment analysis, and machine learning. Paradigm shifts in applied linguistics are not only affecting the way we understand language but also how we harness it for innovation and advancement in various sectors. As such, this article will detail the paradigm shift in applied linguistics, highlight its impact on changes in research methodology, as well as describe the discoveries that have emerged as a result of these changes. A deeper understanding of this shift can help us design research more effectively and harness the potential of language and human communication in various aspects of modern life.

In the development of science, paradigms can develop, change, or be replaced by new paradigms if new data and findings demand a change in the scientific worldview.Therefore, understanding and recognizing the paradigm that dominates in a field of science is important in the context of research and development of science.

Paradigms in Applied Linguistics
There is a close relationship between philosophy and language.Philosophy was the first thing before language was born.Linguistics is studied by philosophers, not by linguists.In the past, most philosophers used linguistic analysis to solve philosophical problems.Then, as an analytical tool, language is studied, discussed, and debated.Analysis is an activity that stimulates philosophers to create new language paradigms as a way of theoretical understanding and then construct innovations to organize language.In the context of the close relationship between philosophy and language, language analysis has a central role.Language analysis helps philosophers in a variety of ways, including: 1. Understanding Philosophical Concepts: Philosophers use language analysis to understand and clarify philosophical concepts.By detailing the structure and use of words, they can achieve a deeper understanding of philosophical questions such as truth, justice, freedom, and so on.2. Argument Criticism: Language analysis allows philosophers to identify vagueness, inconsistencies, or assumptions contained in philosophical arguments.This helps in making stronger and clearer arguments.3. Development of Philosophical Theory: Philosophers have created new philosophical theories by building better paradigms of language.For example, in the field of ethics, theories about language and meaning have helped in the development of ethical theories such as the ethics of contractualism.4. Solving Philosophical Problems: Language analysis is often used to solve complex philosophical problems.Philosophers use this method to break down problems into smaller, more understandable components. 5. Critique of Language Use in Philosophy: Language analysis is also used to examine and critique the use of language in philosophy itself.This can help avoid mistakes or misuse of language in philosophical discussions.The role of linguistic philosophy in the development of linguistics is very important.This philosophy of language has its peculiarity, namely solving problems related to language, namely meaningful linguistic expressions.In the development of language, the role of linguistic philosophy is very clear, because many new words, synonyms, sentence structures, abbreviations, and new rules have emerged.It's all because science is currently progressing and many new paradigms are emerging.Language has its charm as an object of philosophical study.
Philosophy of language plays an important role in the development of applied linguistics because there is a relationship of mutual influence between philosophy of language and applied linguistics.Since time immemorial, philosophers have used the medium of language to convey their philosophical statements in search of truth in all things.With the birth of the philosophy of language as one of the branches of philosophy, they are giving birth to applied linguistic theory, providing a very special discourse on applied linguistic theory.This philosophy of language has a peculiarity, that is, the issues discussed are all related to language, that is, meaningful expressions of language.In the growth of language, the position of the philosophy of language is very clear, and many new words, similarities of words (synonyms), sentence patterns, acronyms, and rules arise.This is all because science continues to increase at this time, and many new paradigms emerge.Applied linguistics has a certain energy of attraction to be an object for philosophical research.Linguistic growth in the world of learning is very broad and has many benefits because it can be related to the curriculum of teaching English and Indonesian and regional languages.
The view of the scientific paradigm seems to change over time.The birth of a new paradigm will never be separated from the previous paradigm.Or maybe the paradigm that comes after the previous paradigm is a paradigm that seeks to correct the shortcomings that exist in the previous paradigm.Paradigm shifts will always appear to achieve true reality by the development of the era or times that are always changing the development of the times and civilizations on this earth.Example paradigm: According to the author, the positivist paradigm is better or worse than other paradigms depending on whether the person following can understand and relate to the paradigm.
Paradigms can be considered scientific standards.Examples of paradigms that began to develop in Greek times but whose influence is still felt until modern times are Plato's paradigm and Aristotle's paradigm.Plato's paradigm is based on Plato's view that language is material or similar to reality, also called non-arbitrary or symbolic.The essence of Aristotle's paradigm is that language bears no resemblance to reality, except for onomatopoeia called arbitrary or non-iconic.
Plato's paradigm was widely used by linguists to solve linguistic problems.Those who follow Plato's paradigm are called naturalists.They reject the idea of arbitrariness.Other times, the Aristotelian paradigm is used to solve linguistic problems.Those who follow the Aristotelian paradigm are called conventionalists.They accept the arbitrariness between language and reality.The conflict between these two paradigms continued into the 20th century.
In the field of linguistics and semiotics, Ferdinand de Saussure is known as a follower of Aristotle's paradigm and Charles S. Peirce is a follower of Plato's paradigm.From the early 19th century until the 1960s, Saussure followed the Aristotelian paradigm, which held that language was an arbitrary system of symbols used to solve linguistic problems.There are several names of linguists such as Bloomfield and Chomsky who in their thinking indicate the influence of Saussure and the Aristotelian paradigm.Around the mid-1960s, the dominance of the Aristotelian paradigm began to be shaken by the Platonic paradigm through R. Jakobson's article "In Search of the Nature of Language" inspired by Peirce.Several linguists such as T. Givon, J. Haiman, and W. Croft are listed as followers of Plato's paradigm.
Applied linguistics is a subdiscipline of linguistics that focuses on the application of linguistic knowledge in a variety of practical contexts.It covers the application of linguistic theory to understand and solve problems in everyday life, such as communication, education, translation, language technology, and many more.
The paradigm in this context refers to the views, theories, and approaches underlying the study of applied linguistics.This paradigm forms the framework used by researchers to formulate research questions, select research methods, and interpret findings.There are four main paradigms in language, namely the paradigm of traditional, structural, generative transformation, and functional linguistics.
A paradigm shift in applied linguistics is a significant shift in the way researchers view and approach language problems in a practical context.The paradigm of applied linguistics plays an important role in shaping language-related research and practice.This paradigm shift affects the understanding of the nature of language, its linguistic structure, and how language is used in different contexts.A paradigm shift can bring significant changes to the methods used by researchers as well as the results of research obtained.
A paradigm shift in applied linguistics is a shift that needs to be studied more deeply to understand its consequences.In this paper, we will study such paradigm shifts, explore why and how such changes occur, and most importantly, how such changes affect the methods used in applied linguistics research and the results found by the researchers.
With a deeper understanding of this paradigm shift, we can explore the potential positive implications that could provide new insights into the field of applied linguistics.

RESEARCH METHOD
The approaches and data sources used in this article include: 1. Literature Review: By studying the current literature, we will gather news information about paradigm shifts in applied linguistics.2. Comparative analysis: We will compare the old model with the new model to identify differences and similarities in research methods and results.3. Case Studies: We will review real-world case studies that reflect paradigm shifts and assess their impact on research methods and outcomes.By answering the above questions and through the methodological approaches mentioned above, this article will present a comprehensive understanding of the paradigm shift of applied linguistics and its impact on research methods and findings.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Development of Paradigms in Applied Linguistics A. Traditional Paradigm
The traditional paradigm in applied linguistics is the conceptual framework that has dominated the study and application of language in recent decades.Some of the main characteristics and approaches of this traditional paradigm include Emphasis on Language Structure and Grammatical Analysis: Traditional paradigms in applied linguistics place major emphasis on language structure and grammatical analysis.
This means that the study of language is mainly focused on elements such as grammar, syntax, morphology, and phonology.Research in this paradigm often focuses on an in-depth analysis of how language is constructed in terms of its grammatical structure.Normative Approach to Understanding and Teaching Language: This paradigm tends to have a normative approach to understanding and teaching language.That is, this paradigm seeks to define the norms and standards of "correct" or "standard" language.This includes the view that there are grammatical rules to follow, and research is often used to formulate guidelines on the "correct" way to use language.
Orientation to Standard Language Guidelines: Traditional paradigms in applied linguistics are often oriented towards standardized language guidelines.It includes a focus on standard written language and normative grammar teaching.This view leads to attempts to correct or correct the use of language that is considered incompatible with the norm.Focus on Traditional Linguistic Theories such as Grammar and Phonology: Within this paradigm, traditional linguistic theories, such as grammar and phonology, become the main focus of research.
Research that follows this model is often based on a strong theoretical framework, leading to an in-depth study of linguistic elements such as phonemes, morphemes, and syntax.The importance of this traditional paradigm is to understand the changes that occur in the approach and understanding of applied linguistics, along with new paradigm shifts that introduce different perspectives in language approaches.
By recognizing these traits, we can better understand the impact of the paradigm shift that is occurring in applied linguistics.

B. Paradigm Shift
In recent years, the model of applied linguistics has changed significantly.These changes include identifying new or alternative paradigms that are emerging, introducing more contextual, sociolinguistic, and interdisciplinary approaches, changing the understanding of language as a flexible and dynamic communication tool, and the application of new technologies and research methods.
Identifying new or alternative paradigms: Paradigm shifts lead to the emergence of new or alternative paradigms in applied linguistics.These models often offer different perspectives on how language is used in real-life contexts and how it relates to society. 1.More contextual, sociolinguistic, and interdisciplinary approaches: The paradigm shift has led to the introduction of more contextual approaches in the study of applied linguistics.This approach emphasizes the importance of understanding language in everyday social, cultural, and communication contexts.In addition, these new paradigms are often more interdisciplinary and integrate concepts from areas such as anthropology, sociology, psychology, and information technology.2. Changes in language understanding as a flexible and dynamic communication tool: Paradigm shifts are also changing language understanding.Language is no longer considered a static entity with strict rules, but a flexible and dynamic means of communication.This involves understanding that language is used in different ways by different social groups and that language variation is natural.3. Application of new technologies and research methods: The paradigm shift is also reflected in the application of new technologies and research methods in applied linguistic research.Technologies such as computerized text analysis, natural language processing, and language modeling software have expanded research possibilities in this area.Research methods that are more open to qualitative and non-traditional data are also increasingly used.This paradigm shift has had a significant impact on research methods and outcomes in applied linguistics.This will be the focus of the next section of this article, which will explore the impact of a paradigm shift on the way research is conducted and the results produced.internet, social media, and digital communication have opened the door to interaction between cultures and languages.This encourages a new paradigm in applied linguistics that focuses more on the use of language in diverse global contexts.2. Important discoveries in the field of sociology and psycholinguistics: Disciplines such as sociology and psycholinguistics have provided deeper insights into how language is used in society and how linguistics takes place in thought processes.This important discovery drives a paradigm shift towards greater consideration of the social and cognitive aspects of language research.3. The need to understand and solve practical problems of communication in different societies: Today's society is increasingly multicultural and multilingual.The need to understand and solve practical problems of communication in different societies has given rise to new models that pay more attention to the diversity of languages and their use in everyday situations.4. Recognizing the importance of linguistic variability and its use in social contexts: Recognising that language is a mutable entity and is always shaping in changing social contexts changing the way we perceive language.The new paradigm of applied linguistics pays more attention to linguistic variations and the social contexts that shape the way we communicate.
In this subsection, the main factors driving the paradigm shift of applied linguistics have been identified.Understanding these factors is important to explain why the paradigm of applied linguistics research is changing and why those changes affect the way research is conducted and the research results obtained.

Research Methodology in the Context of a New Paradigm
In the context of a paradigm shift in applied linguistics, research methodologies are also changing.This section will explain the differences between traditional methods commonly used in the old paradigm and new methods that are more relevant to the new paradigm.In addition, we will evaluate the advantages and limitations of this new method.

A. Traditional Methods
Traditional methods in applied linguistics tend to include several approaches, including: 1.Text Study and Grammar Analysis: This approach involves the analysis of written language texts, which can be books, articles, documents, or other texts.The main focus is on the grammatical and syntactic aspects of the text.In this context, researchers analyze how sentences are formed, the grammatical structure used, and how grammatical elements such as clauses, phrases, and words interact in the text.2. Use of Grammar Exams: This method involves the use of grammar tests to measure a person's grammatical knowledge.Grammar exams can include many different types of tests, including general grammar tests, spelling tests, and vocabulary tests.Its main purpose is to evaluate an individual's understanding of grammatical rules and their ability to apply them.

Formal Data Collection: Traditional methods also involve formal data collection.
This can be done through surveys that contain certain predetermined questions.
Formal data is often used to gather structured information and can be used for specific research purposes, such as measuring language preferences or identifying changes in language use.4.These traditional methods tend to focus on the structure and rules of language and seek to approach linguistics with a rigorous scientific approach.However, some critics may argue that this method is too limited in understanding language in a broader social and communicative context, which requires a more holistic approach.Therefore, in modern applied linguistics, this traditional approach is often combined with other, more diverse methods, including sociolinguistic and pragmatic approaches, to gain a more complete understanding of language and its use in everyday life.

B. New Method
In the new paradigm, more relevant research methods include: 1. New methods in applied linguistics offer a more diverse and contextual approach to understanding language use.Some of these methods include: 2. Ethnographic Case Studies: This method involves in-depth research in a particular language community.Researchers examine how language is used in specific social, cultural, and historical contexts.Ethnographic research tends to be more in-depth, involving participatory observation, interviews, and document analysis.It helps in understanding how language reflects identity, social norms, and dynamics within such communities.3. Action Research: Action research methods are collaborative approaches in which researchers and participants work together to solve communication problems in a practical context.This method is often used in language teaching, where teachers and students can collaborate to improve teaching and learning strategies.The results of this research can be directly implemented in daily practice.4. Discourse Analysis: Discourse analysis focuses on understanding language in a broader social and political context.It involves analyzing texts, conversations, or discourses to identify how language is used to influence or represent worldviews, public opinion, or political interests.Analysis of rhetoric and the role of language in the formation of public opinion are important components of this method.5. Use of Technology and Unstructured Data: In the digital age, technology plays an important role in the collection and analysis of language data.These new methods often use technology to collect and analyze unstructured data, such as data from social media, phone conversations, or interview transcriptions.It allows researchers to explore language use in more contemporary and diverse contexts and can provide insight into emerging trends in language use.These new methods often complement traditional methods in applied linguistics in ways that allow for a richer and more contextual understanding of language and communication.They help us see how language is not only a structural entity, but also a tool for interacting, conveying meaning, and shaping social reality.C. Advantages of New Methods 1. Contextual and Immersive: New methods allow researchers to understand language in a broader and deeper social context.They can delve into social, cultural, and historical aspects that influence language use.2. Relevance of Daily Use: This method is closer to understanding how language is used in everyday life.They allow researchers to explore the use of language in practical situations, such as everyday communication or language teaching.3. Flexibility in Data Collection: The use of technology and unstructured data allows researchers to collect data from a variety of sources, including social media, telephone conversations, and recorded interviews.This provides flexibility in the selection of data that is appropriate to the study.4. Practical Knowledge Development: Action research methods can produce knowledge that can be implemented directly in practice, such as language teaching.This can help improve teaching and learning methods.D. Limitations of the New Method: 1. Complexity of Data Analysis: New methods often involve more complex data analysis, especially in qualitative analysis such as discourse analysis.This requires high analytical skills and can be time-consuming.2. Challenges in Generalization: Results from new methods are often highly contextual, making it difficult to generalize findings to different contexts.This limits the applicability of the findings on a broader scale.3. Subjectivity: In some newer methods, such as discourse analysis, subjective judgments can influence outcomes.The interpretation of language and meaning often depends on the researcher's perspective, which can lead to bias. 4. Time and Resources: New methods often require more time and resources to conduct in-depth research.This can be challenging, especially in situations with time and budget constraints.5. Data Limitations: The use of data in new, unstructured methods, such as data from social media, can have certain limitations, including issues of privacy, accuracy, and relevance of data.
The selection of research methods should take into account these advantages and limitations, as well as specific research objectives.In many cases, a blended approach that combines traditional and new methods can result in a more comprehensive understanding of language and communication.
This new method reflects a more contextual, sociolinguistic, and interdisciplinary paradigm shift in applied language studies.The selection of research methods should be tailored to the research question and study objectives to produce relevant and meaningful results in the context of this new paradigm.Impact on Research Findings A. Findings in the New Paradigm: In the new paradigm in applied linguistics, research focuses more on the social, cultural, and contextual aspects of language.Some examples of key findings in the new paradigm include: 1.The Influence of Identity in Language Variation: Research in the new paradigm has revealed how social identities, such as ethnicity, gender, and other social groups, influence language use.It includes an understanding of how speakers use language to express their identity and how identity influences language choice.2. Dialectal Variation and Sociolinguistics: Studies in new paradigms have helped explore dialectal variation in language, as well as how social and geographical factors influence language use.It helps understand how language communities develop and interact.
Paradigm Shifts in Applied Linguistics: Its Impact on Research Methodology and Findings | 117 3. Use of Language in Social Media: Contemporary research has created insights into the way language is used in social media.This includes an understanding of how speakers change language to adapt to social media platforms and how language is used to build online identities.4. Political Discourse Analysis: The new paradigm has also produced political discourse analysis, which reveals the way language is used in political rhetoric and influences public opinion.It includes an understanding of the use of language to influence voters and the way language is used in political conflicts.5. Leadership in Language Teaching: Action research in language teaching has yielded findings on how teachers and learners can collaborate to improve language teaching and learning methods.It includes an understanding of how to motivate students and identify their learning needs.6. Language Use in Multilingual Situations: The new paradigm also introduces the study of language use in multilingual situations, such as communities that speak more than one language.This research helps us understand the way languages interact in complex contexts.These findings illustrate how new paradigms in applied linguistics have broadened the scope of research and provided a richer understanding of the complexities of language use in social, cultural, and practical contexts.

B. Comparison of Findings
It is important to recognize that the research methods and paradigms used can produce different types of findings.The combination of traditional and new approaches can provide a more complete understanding of language and communication in a variety of contexts.Comparison of Old and New Paradigm Findings in Applied Linguistics Differences between old and new paradigm findings 1. Research Focus Old Paradigm: Focus on language structure, grammar, and linguistic rules.New Paradigm: Focus on social, cultural, and contextual aspects of language use.

Research Subjects
Old Paradigms: Research centers on language as a system.New Paradigms: Research centers on language speakers and the context of language use.

Research Objectives
Old Paradigm: The main goal is to understand the grammatical rules and structures of the language.New Paradigm: The main objective is to understand how language is used in everyday life and social contexts.

Research Methods
Old Paradigm: Research methods are more focused on grammar analysis, grammar tests, and language structure analysis.New Paradigm: Research methods are more diverse, including ethnographic case studies, discourse analysis, action research, and the use of technology to collect data.

Findings of Old Paradigm Characteristics
The findings of the old paradigm include an in-depth understanding of grammatical structures, the use of words and phrases, as well as formal linguistic understanding.Example: In-depth English grammar rules, such as rules for the use of tenses or subject predicates.Findings of the New Paradigm Characteristics: The findings of the new paradigm include an understanding of language variation, social influences on language use, and discourse analysis in cultural and political contexts.Examples: How social identity influences language choices in a particular community, or how language is used in political rhetoric to influence people's views.
It is important to remember that new paradigms often complement rather than replace old paradigms, and these two approaches can complement each other in language understanding.In practice, applied linguistics often uses a variety of methods from both paradigms to investigate language and communication in broader contexts.C. Example of a Case Study in Language Research that shows a shift between the old paradigm and the new paradigm Changes in paradigms in applied linguistics have affected language understanding, communication, and its application in a variety of real situations.Below is a concrete example of this change: 1. Understanding Language and Cultural Variation Paradigm Shift: In older structural approaches, language variation is often thought of as a "deviation" from true language.However, with the paradigm shift to sociolinguistic approaches, language variation is recognized as a reflection of rich cultural and social complexity.

Application in Real Situations
This approach helps in a deeper understanding of language and cultural variations in everyday communication.This is beneficial in the context of language teaching, more accurate cultural translations, and discourse analysis that is more sensitive to cultural contexts.

Understanding Language Interaction in Communication
Paradigm Shift: The paradigm shift to cognitive and sociolinguistic approaches brings about a deeper understanding of language interaction in communication.It involves understanding language in the context of social action.

Application in Real Situations
It enables better applications in the analysis of political discourse, an understanding of how language is used in negotiation and persuasion, and the role of language in the construction of social identity.The development of more accurate machine translation and natural language processing (NLP) applications used in virtual assistants, chatbots, and automated text analysis.This is especially relevant in business, nexus, and customer service situations.

Machine Translation and Language Technology
Paradigm Shift: The paradigm shift has led to the use of data-driven approaches and computational methods in machine translation and language technology.This reflects a shift towards technology and cognition.

Political Discourse Analysis
Paradigm Shift: The paradigm shift has brought about a change in the way political discourse analysis is conducted.The shift to sociolinguistic and cognitive approaches helps in a deeper understanding of political rhetoric strategies and their influence on voters.More sophisticated analysis of political discourse can provide better insight into political dynamics and their influence on society.It can be used to understand elections, political campaigns, and changes in public opinion.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
The paradigm shift in applied linguistics has brought about significant changes in the way research is conducted and results are obtained.This article explores the impact of paradigm shifts on research methodologies and findings that have emerged in various fields of applied linguistics.
A paradigm shift in applied linguistics refers to a fundamental shift in approaches, theories, methods, and basic understanding of how language is used in practical contexts.This concept reflects developments in linguistic studies that have brought about significant changes in the way linguistic scientists perceive, study, and apply linguistics in everyday life.Some of the key aspects of the paradigm shift in This paradigm shift has had a great impact on various fields of application of applied linguistics, such as translation, foreign language teaching, political discourse analysis, clinical linguistics, and more.The paradigm shift has helped improve understanding of language and communication in a variety of practical contexts and has also influenced the way research is conducted in this field.

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60126/maras.v2i1.143Paradigm Shifts in Applied Linguistics: Its Impact on Research Methodology and Findings | 112 C. Reasons for the Paradigm Shift The paradigm shift of applied linguistics is triggered by several important factors.Here are the factors behind the change: 1. Technological advances and global communication developments: Advances in technology, particularly global communication and information technology, have changed the way we communicate and use language.The Hasanah 10.60126/maras.v2i1.143Paradigm Shifts in Applied Linguistics: Its Impact on Research Methodology and Findings | 114

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60126/maras.v2i1.143Paradigm Shifts in Applied Linguistics: Its Impact on Research Methodology and Findings | 116 applied linguistics include Structural Approaches to Functional Approaches, Language Studies to Communication Studies, multidisciplinaryiplinarity, Cognitive and Neurocognitive, Technology and Digital Engagement, and Social and Cultural Context Studies.